Oral Cancer: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Treatment
For Appointments
040 6700 0000
Emergency
040 6700 0111

Oral Cancer

Oral cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease that affects the mouth, throat, and surrounding areas. It is characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in these regions, leading to the formation of tumors. An overview of oral cancer reveals its alarming prevalence and impact on individuals worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that over 450,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year. Additionally, it is responsible for approximately 135,000 deaths annually. 

Oral Cancer Symptom

If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing Oral cancer, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention by calling emergency services or consult with a Cancer Specialist.

 

Causes of Oral Cancer

  • Tobacco use (smoking and chewing) is the leading risk factor.
  • Excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk, especially when combined with tobacco use.
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV type 16, is linked to oropharyngeal cancers.
  • Poor oral hygiene and untreated dental issues, such as chronic irritation from ill-fitting dentures or dental appliances, can contribute.
  • Excessive sun exposure, leading to lip cancer due to UV radiation.
  • Age: Most cases occur in people over the age of 40, with a higher risk as you age.
  • Gender: Men are more likely to develop oral cancer than women.
  • Family history of cancer, especially oral cancer, increases risk.
  • Weak immune system, such as from HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive treatments, raises susceptibility.
  • Diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in processed or red meats can increase risk.
  • Genetic mutations may predispose individuals to oral cancer.
  • Exposure to environmental toxins, including certain chemicals in the workplace (e.g., asbestos).

Risk Factors of Oral Cancer

  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • HPV infection (Human Papillomavirus)
  • Age (higher risk over 45 years)
  • Gender (more common in men)
  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Family history of cancer

Symptoms of Oral Cancer

  • Persistent mouth sores that do not heal within a few weeks.
  • Pain or tenderness in the mouth or throat.
  • White or red patches on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth.
  • Lumps or thickening in the mouth, throat, or neck area.
  • Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of something being stuck in the throat.
  • Unexplained bleeding in the mouth.
  • Sore throat or feeling that something is stuck in the throat.
  • Numbness or pain in the lips, tongue, or mouth.
  • Change in voice or hoarseness.
  • Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite.
  • Swollen lymph nodes in the neck or jaw area.
  • Bad breath (persistent, even after brushing).
  • Loose teeth or dentures that no longer fit properly due to changes in the mouth.

Need an Appointment?

Diagnosis for Oral Cancer

  • Physical Examination: Doctor examines the mouth, throat, and neck for abnormalities such as lumps, lesions, or swelling.
  • Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from the suspicious area and examined under a microscope to confirm cancer.
  • Oral Cancer Screening: Includes visual inspection and palpation to detect early signs of oral cancer.
  • Imaging Tests:
    • X-rays: To detect tumors or bone involvement.
    • CT scan (Computed Tomography): Provides detailed cross-sectional images to assess the size and spread of the tumor.
    • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Helps assess soft tissue involvement and the spread of cancer to surrounding areas.
    • PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography): Used to detect distant spread (metastasis) of cancer.
  • Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is used to look at the mouth, throat, and other areas for signs of cancer.
  • Lymph Node Examination: If cancer is suspected to have spread, the doctor may examine or biopsy nearby lymph nodes.
  • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Testing: Especially for oropharyngeal cancers, testing for HPV infection may be done.

Treatments for Oral Cancer

  • Surgery: Removal of the tumor or affected tissue; may involve partial or complete removal of the tongue, mouth, or jaw depending on the cancer's size and location.
  • Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation is used to target and destroy cancer cells; often used in combination with surgery or as a primary treatment for small tumors.
  • Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth; can be given orally, intravenously, or as a combination with radiation.
  • Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cell mechanisms or molecules, such as growth factors or proteins, to slow down or stop cancer cell growth.
  • Immunotherapy: Stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells; may be used for advanced or metastatic oral cancer.
  • Neck Dissection: Removal of lymph nodes from the neck if cancer has spread to these areas.
  • Reconstructive Surgery: If significant tissue is removed, reconstructive surgery may be done to restore appearance and function (such as speech or swallowing).
  • Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): A light-based treatment that involves using drugs that make cancer cells sensitive to light, followed by exposure to a laser.
  • Laser Therapy: Uses a laser beam to remove or shrink tumors in the mouth.
  • Palliative Care: Focuses on relieving symptoms, improving quality of life, and managing pain, especially in advanced stages of cancer.

Preventive Measures for Oral Cancer

  • Avoid Tobacco Use: Refrain from smoking or using smokeless tobacco products, as they are the leading cause of oral cancer.
  • Limit Alcohol Consumption: Reduce alcohol intake, especially in combination with tobacco use, to lower the risk of oral cancer.
  • Regular Dental Checkups: Visit a dentist regularly for screenings, as they can detect early signs of oral cancer during routine exams.
  • Eat a Healthy Diet: Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to support oral health and potentially reduce cancer risk.
  • Maintain Good Oral Hygiene: Brush and floss your teeth regularly to prevent chronic irritation and gum disease, which can increase the risk of oral cancer.
  • Practice Safe Sun Exposure: Use lip balm with SPF and protect your lips from excessive sun exposure to prevent lip cancer.
  • Vaccinate Against HPV: Get the HPV vaccine, which can reduce the risk of HPV-related oral cancers.
  • Avoid Excessive UV Radiation: Avoid tanning beds and limit exposure to direct sunlight to prevent lip cancer.
  • Quit Smoking and Alcohol Together: If you currently use both tobacco and alcohol, quitting both will significantly reduce your risk.
  • Be Aware of Oral Changes: Regularly check your mouth for sores, lumps, or discoloration and consult a healthcare provider if any changes persist.

Do's & Don’t's

When it comes to oral cancer, knowing the do's and don'ts can make a significant difference in prevention and early detection. By following these guidelines, you can take proactive steps towards maintaining good oral health and reducing the risk of developing oral cancer. 

Do's Don't
Regular dental check-ups and screenings Ignore unusual changes in the mouth
Practice good oral hygiene habits Use tobacco products
Eat a healthy, balanced diet Consume excessive alcohol
Protect lips from sun exposure Ignore persistent mouth sores or ulcers
Follow recommended vaccination guidelines (e.g., HPV) Delay seeking medical attention for oral abnormalities
Stay informed about risk factors and warning signs Neglect family history of oral cancer
Seek immediate medical attention for any concerns Disregard professional advice on risk reduction

If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing Oral cancer, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention by calling emergency services or consult with a Cancer Specialist.

Frequently Asked Questions
Oral cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease that affects the mouth, throat, and surrounding areas. It is characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in these regions, leading to the formation of tumors.
There are several factors that can contribute to the development of oral cancer. One of the primary causes is tobacco use, whether it be through smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, or using smokeless tobacco products. The harmful chemicals present in these products can damage the cells in the mouth and lead to the formation of cancerous growths.
Tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, is a significant risk factor for oral cancer. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco products can damage the cells lining the mouth and throat, increasing the likelihood of developing cancerous growths.
One of the most common symptoms of oral cancer is persistent mouth sores or ulcers that do not heal within two weeks. These sores may be accompanied by pain, tenderness, or a burning sensation. Additionally, any unexplained bleeding in the mouth, such as from the gums or tongue, should be taken seriously.
One of the primary methods used for diagnosis is a thorough examination of the oral cavity. Dentists and oral health professionals carefully inspect the mouth, gums, tongue, and throat for any abnormalities or suspicious lesions. They may also perform a biopsy, where a small sample of tissue is taken for further analysis.
One of the primary goals of oral cancer treatment is to eradicate the cancerous cells while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible. This often involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on various factors such as the stage of the cancer, its location, and the overall health of the patient.
One of the most effective ways to prevent oral cancer is through regular dental check-ups. Dentists are trained to identify early signs of oral cancer and can provide necessary screenings and examinations. By scheduling routine dental visits, individuals can catch any potential issues before they progress into more serious conditions.