Hyperpigmentation Treatment

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) refers to darkened patches of skin that develop after inflammation or injury. This condition occurs when trauma, such as acne, burns, cuts, or dermatitis, triggers an overproduction of melanin in the affected area. Unlike melasma, PIH can affect any skin type and may occur at any age, typically following inflammatory skin conditions or procedures.

Symptoms:

• Flat patches of darkened skin
• Patches may vary in color from light brown to black
• Often occur in areas previously affected by injury or inflammation

Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosis of PIH involves a clinical examination, where the characteristic appearance of darkened patches following skin injury or inflammation is noted. Treatment options for PIH focus on addressing the underlying cause of inflammation or injury and reducing melanin production. Topical treatments such as hydroquinone, retinoids, corticosteroids, or azelaic acid may be prescribed to lighten the dark patches. Sun protection is essential to prevent further darkening, as UV exposure can exacerbate PIH. In some cases, procedures like chemical peels, microdermabrasion, or laser therapy may be recommended to enhance skin lightening and texture improvement. Treatment outcomes can vary, and it may take several months to see significant improvement in PIH.

Solar lentigines, commonly known as sunspots or liver spots, are benign, flat, tan to dark brown spots on the skin caused by prolonged sun exposure. They typically appear on areas of the body frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. Solar lentigines are more prevalent in older adults and individuals with fair skin, as melanin production increases in response to UV exposure.

Symptoms:

• Flat, well-defined patches on the skin
• Tan to dark brown in color
• Typically appear on sun-exposed areas

Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosis of solar lentigines is typically made through visual examination based on the characteristic appearance and history of sun exposure. While solar lentigines are harmless, many individuals seek treatment for cosmetic reasons. Treatment options include topical creams containing ingredients like hydroquinone, retinoids, or azelaic acid, which can lighten the spots over time. Cryotherapy (freezing), chemical peels, laser therapy, or intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments may also be effective in reducing the appearance of solar lentigines. Prevention involves sun protection measures such as sunscreen application, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding peak sun hours to prevent new spots from forming or existing ones from darkening further.

Freckles are small, flat, brown spots on the skin that are typically harmless and often genetic in origin. They are caused by an increased production of melanin triggered by exposure to sunlight. Freckles are more common in individuals with fair skin and tend to appear on areas of the body that are frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, arms, and shoulders. While freckles themselves do not pose any health risks, they can be a cosmetic concern for some individuals.

Symptoms:

• Small, flat brown spots on the skin
• Typically appear on sun-exposed areas
• May darken with sun exposure and lighten during periods of reduced sun exposure

Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosis of freckles is usually straightforward based on their appearance and distribution on sun-exposed areas. Treatment for freckles is generally not necessary for health reasons but may be sought for cosmetic purposes. Sun protection is crucial to prevent freckles from darkening or multiplying, including the use of sunscreen with a high SPF, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade during peak sun hours. For those who wish to lighten existing freckles, options include topical treatments like hydroquinone, retinoids, or chemical peels, which can help reduce their appearance over time. Laser therapy or intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments may also be considered for more significant reduction in freckles.