Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the body's immune system. It is characterized by the abnormal growth of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. This form of cancer can occur in various parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and other organs. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be classified into different subtypes based on the specific type of lymphocyte affected and other factors. 

If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention by calling emergency services or consult with a Cancer Specialist.

Causes of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Age: Risk increases with age, especially in individuals over 60.
• Gender: Some types of NHL are more common in men than in women.
• Immune System Suppression: Immunosuppressive medications, especially post-organ transplant, increase NHL risk.
• Infections: Certain viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are linked to NHL.
• Bacterial Infections: Chronic infections like Helicobacter pylori can increase NHL risk in the stomach.
• Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren’s syndrome may elevate NHL risk.
• Chemicals and Pesticides: Exposure to certain herbicides, insecticides, and chemicals (like benzene) can contribute to NHL risk.
• Radiation Exposure: Previous exposure to high doses of radiation, including cancer radiation therapy, is a known risk factor.
• Obesity: Excess body weight has been associated with a slightly higher risk of certain types of NHL.
• Family History: A family history of NHL or other lymphatic cancers may increase an individual's risk.

Risk Factors of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Age (higher risk in older adults)
• Weakened immune system (due to immune disorders, organ transplants, or HIV/AIDS)
• Infections (such as Epstein-Barr virus or Helicobacter pylori)
• Exposure to chemicals (e.g., pesticides, herbicides)
• Radiation exposure
• Family history of lymphoma
• Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)
• Obesity

Symptoms of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Swollen Lymph Nodes: Painless swelling in the neck, armpit, or groin.
• Fever: Unexplained fever that may come and go.
• Night Sweats: Heavy sweating during sleep.
• Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss without trying.
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or lack of energy.
• Abdominal Pain or Swelling: Due to enlarged lymph nodes or organ involvement.
• Chest Pain or Shortness of Breath: If lymph nodes in the chest area are affected.
• Itching: Unexplained and persistent itching of the skin.
• Frequent Infections: Reduced immunity leading to frequent infections.
• Loss of Appetite: Decreased interest in eating.

Diagnosis for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Physical Examination: Checking for swollen lymph nodes, spleen, or liver.
• Blood Tests: To assess overall health, detect infections, or check for cancer markers.
• Imaging Tests:
  • CT Scan: To identify enlarged lymph nodes or organ involvement.
  • PET Scan: Helps detect cancer spread by highlighting active lymphatic tissue.
  • MRI: Sometimes used to examine specific areas like the brain or spine.
• Lymph Node Biopsy: Removal of a lymph node or tissue sample to confirm NHL presence and type.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: To check if lymphoma has spread to the bone marrow.
• Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): In cases where lymphoma may involve the central nervous system.
• Flow Cytometry and Immunophenotyping: To analyze cells from blood, bone marrow, or lymph nodes, identifying the type of lymphoma.
• Genetic Tests: Detects specific gene mutations or chromosomal changes associated with NHL.

Treatments for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells; often the first line of treatment.
• Radiation Therapy: Targets and kills cancer cells in specific areas, especially in early-stage or localized NHL.
• Immunotherapy: Includes monoclonal antibodies like rituximab that help the immune system identify and attack lymphoma cells.
• Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer cell growth (e.g., kinase inhibitors).
• Stem Cell Transplant: Replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells, typically after high-dose chemotherapy.
• CAR T-Cell Therapy: A type of immunotherapy where T cells are modified to recognize and attack cancer cells.
• Corticosteroids: Often used in combination with other treatments to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
• Surgery: Rarely used, but may be an option to remove isolated tumors or for diagnostic purposes.
• Watchful Waiting (Active Surveillance): For slow-growing (indolent) NHL, monitoring without immediate treatment if no symptoms are present.

Preventive Measures for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Avoid Exposure to Chemicals: Limit contact with herbicides, pesticides, and chemicals like benzene.
• Practice Safe Infection Control: Take steps to prevent infections that can increase lymphoma risk, such as HIV and Epstein-Barr virus.
• Maintain a Healthy Immune System: Avoid unnecessary use of immunosuppressive drugs, and consult with a doctor if they’re needed long-term.
• Adopt a Healthy Diet and Lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight may reduce cancer risk.
• Limit Radiation Exposure: Avoid excessive radiation whenever possible, especially from non-essential medical scans.
• Quit Smoking: Smoking is linked to a higher risk of many cancers, including NHL.
• Monitor and Manage Autoimmune Conditions: Properly manage autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus under medical guidance.
• Routine Health Check-ups: Regular medical check-ups can help detect early signs of lymphoma or other health issues.

Do's & Don’t's

When it comes to managing non-Hodgkin lymphoma, there are certain do's and don'ts that can greatly impact the overall well-being and treatment outcomes for patients. By following these guidelines, individuals can better navigate their journey with this type of cancer.

If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention by calling emergency services or consult with a Cancer Specialist.